Water Hammer Calculation
Calculation of water hammer effects in various pipes used in transmission lines.
Wave propagation velocity in water :
\begin{equation}\label{eq_wave1}
a=\displaystyle\frac{9900}{\sqrt{48.3+K\displaystyle\frac{D_i}{e}}}
\end{equation}
In Equation (\ref{eq_wave1}),
\(\small a\) is the wave propagation velocity (m/s),
\(\small K\) is the pipe material coefficient,
\(\small D_i\) is the internal diameter (mm), and
\(\small e\) is the pipe wall thickness (mm).
\begin{equation}\label{eq_wave2}
a=\displaystyle\sqrt {\displaystyle\frac{1}{\rho\left [\displaystyle\frac{1}{K}+\displaystyle\frac{D_i}{Ee} \right]}}
\end{equation}
In Equation (\ref{eq_wave2}),
\(\small K\) is the bulk modulus of water (Pa),
\(\small E\) is the Young’s modulus of the pipe material (Pa),
\(\small D_i\) is the internal diameter (mm),
\(\small e\) is the pipe wall thickness (mm), and
\(\rho\) is the density of water (kg/m3).